Category: Canada

Institutional Shareholder Services (“ISS”) and Glass Lewis have published their Canadian benchmark policy guidelines for the 2025 proxy season. Key updates focus on the board’s oversight of artificial intelligence (“AI”), shareholder meeting format, board diversity, disclosure of directors and nominees’ professional skills and experience and the proxy advisors’ approaches to analyzing executive pay programs.

ISS Updates for 2025

ISS has made the following changes to its proxy voting guidelines for 2025.

Independence

When assessing board independence, ISS has clarified that former Chief Executive Officers (“CEOs”) will be deemed non-independent unless there are exceptional circumstances to reassess this classification after a minimum cooling-off period of five years. ISS will continue to recommend against any director who has served as a former CEO and is a member of the audit or compensation committee (unless ISS classifies such director as independent following the cooling-off period).

Board gender diversity

While ISS generally requires that boards of S&P/TSX Composite Index companies be comprised of at least 30% women, it has amended one of the exemptions to this policy. Assuming there is a publicly disclosed written commitment to achieve 30% representation of women on the board at or prior to the subsequent annual general meeting (“AGM”), an exception will be made for companies that have fallen below the 30% threshold after achieving such level at the preceding AGM. Previously companies were only able to avail themselves of this exemption if they fell below the 30% threshold due to an extraordinary circumstance. ISS has removed the requirement to disclose the circumstances behind the change to provide greater transparency and predictability as to how the policy will be applied and to harmonize the U.S. and Canadian approaches.

Board racial/ethnic diversity

ISS requires that boards of S&P/TSX Composite Index companies have at least one racially or ethnically diverse member. ISS has removed the transitional language which exempted companies from this requirement where they made a formal, publicly-disclosed written commitment to add at least one racially or ethnically diverse director at or prior to the next AGM. ISS has included new exemptions to this policy for companies that recently joined the S&P/TSX Composite Index and were not previously subject to the racial/ethnic board requirement and companies that have fallen below the minimum requirement after achieving such level of representation at the preceding AGM.

Pay-for-performance evaluation

ISS has indicated that in exceptional circumstances, it may elect to use a named executive officer other than the CEO in its pay-for-performance evaluation if doing so would provide a more appropriate assessment (i.e. if such NEO’s compensation is regularly significantly higher than that of the CEO).

Virtual-only shareholder meetings

ISS will generally recommend voting against proposals to adopt or amend articles or by-laws that include a provision that provides the board with discretion to hold shareholder meetings in a virtual-only format without compelling rationale.

Glass Lewis Updates for 2025

Glass Lewis has made the following changes to its benchmark policy guidelines for 2025.

Board oversight of AI

Glass Lewis expects boards to be cognizant of, and take steps to mitigate exposure to, any material risks that could arise from their use or development of AI. Companies that use or develop AI systems should adopt internal frameworks to ensure that there is sufficient oversight of AI which may include continued board education and/or appointing directors with AI expertise. Clear disclosure relating to the board’s oversight of AI should be provided to shareholders.

In the absence of material incidents relating to AI, Glass Lewis will generally not make voting recommendations on the basis of a company’s oversight of, or disclosure concerning, AI. Where this is evidence that insufficient oversight of AI technologies resulted in material harm to shareholders, Glass Lewis may recommend that shareholders vote against accountable directors.

Shareholder meeting format

Glass Lewis has clarified its expectations that companies should engage with their shareholders when determining the format for their annual shareholder meetings. When in-person attendance is not permitted, companies must provide rationale for this choice. While Glass Lewis does not currently have a policy based solely on shareholder meeting format, it may recommend against the chair of the governance committee or another relevant director where the board has failed to sufficiently respond to legitimate shareholder concerns regarding meeting format.

Disclosure of professional skills and experience

Companies should provide substantive disclosure about the experience and expertise of board nominees. Where the disclosure of a S&P/TSX 60 company does not allow for a meaningful assessment of the key skills and experience of incumbent directors and board nominees, Glass Lewis may recommend voting against the chair of the nominating committee (or equivalent).

Approach to executive pay program

Glass Lewis takes a holistic approach when analyzing executive compensation programs and does not use a pre-determined scorecard approach when considering individual features. Unfavourable factors in a pay program are reviewed in the context of rationale, overall structure, overall disclosure quality, the program’s ability to align pay with performance and the trajectory of the program as a result of changes introduced by the compensation committee.

Governance committee meetings

Glass Lewis has clarified that it will generally recommend against the chair of the governance committee of companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (or in the absence of a chair, the senior member) if the committee fails to meet at least once during the year.

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Are you ready to turn your financial curiosity into a profitable venture? Starting a trading journey can seem overwhelming, yet it’s an exciting opportunity to explore the dynamic world of financial markets. Whether you’re aiming to trade stocks, forex, or commodities, understanding the basics is your first pivotal step. This guide will introduce you to crucial trading terminology, essential strategies, and effective risk management practices that lay the groundwork for your trading success. Dive in and learn how to transition from a novice to a savvy trader with confidence.

Understanding Trading Basics

Trading is the practice of buying and selling various financial assets like stocks, bonds, ETFs, forex, and commodities with the aim of generating profit by predicting price movements. At its core, trading requires a keen understanding of market dynamics and the ability to anticipate changes in asset values. The primary goal is to buy assets at a lower price and sell them at a higher price, capitalizing on market fluctuations. This requires not only market knowledge but also an understanding of economic indicators, financial news, and global events that can influence asset prices.

Below are key trading terminologies that every beginner should know:

• Bid and Ask Price: The bid price is what buyers are willing to pay for a security, while the ask price is what sellers are willing to accept.
• Spread: The difference between the bid and ask price, indicating the transaction cost.
• Leverage: Using borrowed funds to increase potential returns, which also increases potential risk.
• Margin: The collateral required to open and maintain a leveraged position.
• Volatility: A measure of how much the price of an asset fluctuates over time, often indicating potential risk and opportunity.

Understanding charts and trading tools is essential for making informed trading decisions. Charts provide a visual representation of asset price movements over time, helping traders identify trends and patterns. Tools such as moving averages, trend lines, and oscillators are used to analyze these charts and predict future price movements. Platforms like TradingView offer free access to these tools, allowing traders to practice and refine their skills. Mastery of charts and trading tools empowers traders to develop effective strategies and respond swiftly to market changes.

Exploring Different Markets for Trading

Financial markets offer a vast array of opportunities for traders, each with its unique characteristics and potential for profit. These markets include stocks, forex, and commodities, providing diverse options to suit various trading styles and objectives. Understanding the nuances of each market is crucial for choosing the right one to align with one’s trading strategy and risk tolerance. Each market operates under different dynamics and requires specific knowledge to navigate successfully.

Trading Stocks

Stocks represent ownership in a company, granting shareholders a claim on part of the company’s assets and earnings. They are traded on numerous exchanges, with the Toronto Stock Exchange being one of the prominent ones. Stock trading involves buying and selling shares in these exchanges, with the goal of benefiting from price appreciation or dividends. The stock market is influenced by factors such as company performance, economic conditions, and market sentiment. Traders need to stay informed about these elements to make strategic decisions.

Trading Forex

Forex trading involves the exchange of currencies in pairs, such as EUR/USD or GBP/JPY. The forex market is the largest and most liquid financial market globally, operating 24 hours a day due to its international nature. In this market, traders profit from fluctuations in currency values, which are influenced by economic indicators, geopolitical events, and market speculation. Understanding these dynamics is essential for forex traders to capitalize on the opportunities presented by shifting exchange rates.

Trading Commodities

Commodities are tangible goods that can be categorized into hard commodities, like metals and energy resources, and soft commodities, such as agricultural products. Trading in commodities involves buying and selling these physical goods or their derivatives, often through futures contracts. The commodities market is impacted by factors like supply and demand, geopolitical tensions, and seasonal patterns. Traders in this market need to be adept at analyzing these influences to make informed trading decisions.

Setting Up Your Trading Account

Selecting the right trading platform is a crucial step for any beginner looking to start trading. A suitable platform should align with your trading objectives and provide the necessary tools and features to facilitate your trading activities. Consider factors such as fees, ease of use, and the range of assets available when making your choice. Platforms like Robinhood, known for offering commission-free trades, have become popular among new traders, providing a cost-effective entry into trading without the burden of high fees.

To set up a trading account, follow these essential steps:

• Research and Select a Brokerage: Choose a brokerage that fits your trading style and offers the assets you are interested in.
• Complete the Registration Process: Sign up on the platform’s website or app, providing basic personal information and setting up login credentials.
• Submit Required Documents: Verify your identity by submitting necessary documentation such as a government-issued ID and proof of address.

• Fund Your Account: Deposit funds into your account using the available payment options, ensuring you have sufficient capital to start trading.

Understanding the features of your chosen trading platform is vital for effective trading. Platforms offer various tools like charting software, technical indicators, and research resources that can enhance your trading experience. Familiarize yourself with these features to maximize your potential for making informed trading decisions. A well-chosen platform not only supports your trading strategy but also provides educational resources to help you grow as a trader.

Beginner-Friendly Trading Strategies

Having a trading strategy is vital for anyone entering the world of trading. Why is a trading strategy important? A strategy provides a clear set of rules and guidelines that help traders make objective decisions, reducing the emotional impact that can lead to costly mistakes. By adhering to a structured plan, traders can maintain discipline, manage risks effectively, and optimize their chances of profitability. A well-defined strategy also assists in tracking performance, allowing for adjustments and improvements over time.
Scalping and swing trading are two popular strategies that beginners often consider. What is scalping in trading? Scalping involves making numerous trades throughout the day, aiming for small profits on each transaction. This strategy requires quick decision-making and a strong understanding of market movements due to its short-term nature. Meanwhile, swing trading focuses on holding positions for several days, capitalizing on price swings within a trend. This method allows traders to avoid the constant monitoring required in scalping, while still benefiting from market fluctuations. Both strategies offer unique advantages, and the choice depends on the trader’s time availability and risk tolerance.
Developing a simple trading strategy is essential for beginners. How can one create an effective trading strategy? Start by identifying a specific market or asset, such as stocks or forex, and focus on understanding its behavior. Next, establish clear entry and exit rules based on technical indicators or patterns. Keep the strategy straightforward to minimize confusion and ensure consistency. Regularly review and adjust the strategy based on performance metrics, adapting to changing market conditions. By starting with a simple approach, traders can build confidence and gradually evolve their strategies as they gain experience.
| Strategy | Description | Duration |
|—————–|—————————————————————|—————-|
| Scalping | Short-term trades focusing on small, quick profits | Minutes to hours |
| Swing Trading | Holding positions to capitalize on medium-term price swings | Days to weeks |

Managing Risks in Trading

Risk management is a critical component of successful trading, as it safeguards traders from substantial losses and ensures long-term sustainability. Why is risk management essential? It allows traders to navigate the unpredictable nature of financial markets while preserving their capital. By setting clear parameters for loss tolerance, traders can maintain control over their portfolios, avoiding the emotional pitfalls that often lead to irrational decisions. Effective risk management strategies are designed to minimize potential downsides while maximizing opportunities for growth, providing a balanced approach to trading.

Below are key risk management techniques every trader should employ:

• Stop-Loss Orders: Automatically sell a security when it reaches a predetermined price to limit losses.
• Position Sizing: Determine the amount of capital to risk on each trade, considering the overall portfolio size and risk tolerance.
• Diversification: Spread investments across a range of assets to reduce exposure to any single security or market.

• Risk-Reward Ratio: Evaluate potential profit against the risk of loss to ensure trades are worth taking.
• 1-2% Rule: Risk only 1-2% of your trading account on any single trade to protect against significant drawdowns.

The psychological aspects of risk management are equally important, as they influence a trader’s ability to stick to their strategies. Emotional reactions, such as fear and greed, can cloud judgment and lead to impulsive actions that undermine risk management efforts. Developing emotional discipline is crucial for maintaining focus and adhering to established rules, even in the face of market volatility. Traders must cultivate a mindset that prioritizes long-term success over short-term gains, enabling them to manage risks effectively and achieve consistent results.

Choosing the Right Trading Platform

Selecting a suitable trading platform is critical to the success of your trading endeavors. What factors should one consider when choosing a trading platform? Precision matters: focus on fees, the user interface, available assets, and the quality of customer support. A platform with low fees is advantageous, as it maximizes your profit margins. An intuitive user interface enhances your trading experience, reducing the likelihood of errors. Access to a wide range of assets allows for diversification, while responsive customer service ensures assistance when needed. These elements collectively create a conducive trading environment, tailored to support your strategic objectives.
Below are three popular trading platforms, each offering unique features:

• Robinhood: Known for commission-free trades, making it ideal for beginners seeking cost-effective trading options.
• E*TRADE: Offers a comprehensive range of tools and educational resources, suitable for traders aiming to deepen their market understanding.
• TD Ameritrade: Provides extensive research and analytic tools, catering to both novice and experienced traders.
  Utilizing the trading tools and resources offered by platforms is essential for informed decision-making. Why are these tools important? They provide insights into market trends, technical analysis, and real-time data, which are crucial for developing and refining trading strategies. Access to educational resources enables continuous learning, keeping traders abreast of market developments and enhancing their competitive edge. By leveraging these tools, traders can make data-driven decisions, optimizing their potential for profitability.

Final Words

Exploring the world of trading involves understanding core concepts and navigating various financial markets. By recognizing the nuances of stocks, forex, and commodities, a comprehensive perspective emerges. Setting up a trading account requires thoughtful platform selection and familiarity with its capabilities. Integrating beginner-friendly strategies, along with disciplined risk management, forms the backbone of successful trading.

Finding the right platform enhances your approach, supported by tools like stop-loss orders. Starting with clear strategies and informed choices can lead to a rewarding experience. Now equipped with these insights, aspiring traders can confidently answer the question, “How to start trading?”

FAQ

How should a beginner start trading?

A beginner should start trading by understanding trading basics, exploring different markets, setting up a trading account, and learning beginner-friendly strategies. Familiarity with trading terminology and risk management is key.

Can I start trading with $100?

Yes, starting with $100 is possible. Many trading platforms offer accounts with low minimum deposits, allowing beginners to start small. Leverage and margin trading also enable trading larger amounts than the initial deposit.

What is the 3-5-7 rule in trading?

The 3-5-7 rule in trading refers to a strategy where traders use a systematic approach to buying and selling, using technical indicators to time market entries and exits effectively.

How can I teach myself to trade?

Teaching yourself to trade involves studying online courses, reading trading books, practicing on demo accounts, and joining trading communities for insights and support. Practicing risk management techniques is also crucial.

BRAMPTON, Ont. — Shares of MDA Space Ltd. were up more than 10 per cent after it signed a contract worth $1.1 billion with satellite operator Globalstar Inc.

Shares in MDA rose $2.83 to $24.75 in early trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

Under the agreement, MDA will be the prime contractor for a low Earth orbit constellation of satellites.

It will build more than 50 satellites for Globalstar.

MDA says the definitive contract is a follow-on to a previously announced contract with what was an undisclosed customer that was announced in November 2023.

The company says about $750 million will be added to its backlog in the first quarter of its 2025 financial year in addition to $350 million that was previously added.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Feb. 10, 2025.

Companies in this story: (TSX:MDA)

The Canadian Press

TORONTO — TD Bank Group says it plans to sell its 10.1 per cent stake in the Charles Schwab Corp.

Under the plan, TD is selling 184.7 million shares in the company.

Schwab shares closed at US$83.18 on the New York Stock Exchange on Friday, making the TD stake worth about US$15.4 billion.

TD says Schwab has agreed to repurchase US$1.5 billion of the shares.

The Canadian bank says it will continue to have a business relationship with Schwab through an insured deposit account agreement.

TD Bank chief executive Raymond Chun says the bank plans to use C$8 billion of the proceeds to repurchase its shares and plans to invest the balance of the proceeds in its businesses.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Feb. 10, 2025.

Companies in this story: (TSX:TD)

The Canadian Press